ALI may develop after a diverse spectrum of causes. Despite some evidence of improvements in mortality in selected centers over recent decades ( 1), ALI remains a major public health problem, with 28-day mortality in the region of 25–35% ( 84).
These syndromes are defined by the severity of hypoxemia (according to the ratio of arterial to inspired oxygen: the P-to-F ratio), with the presence of bilateral infiltrates on chest radiography and the exclusion of cardiogenic pulmonary edema ( 143). Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are characterized by acute onset hypoxemia associated with increased pulmonary vascular permeability and the development of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema ( 5).
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